拉波夫叙事分析模式视角下的高中英语读后续写教学实践 余义勇 摘要:针对当前高中英语读后续写课堂教学中存在的问题。本文试图借助拉波夫的叙事分析模式探讨读后续写的教学策略,并提出了“分析语篇、助推发展和合理结局”的教学模式。实践证明,基于拉波夫
拉波夫叙事分析模式视角下的高中英语读后续写教学实践
余义勇
摘要:针对当前高中英语读后续写课堂教学中存在的问题。本文试图借助拉波夫的叙事分析模式探讨读后续写的教学策略,并提出了“分析语篇、助推发展和合理结局”的教学模式。实践证明,基于拉波夫叙事分析模式的课堂教学有助于学生从整体上把握语篇的总体结构和发展脉络,从而找到写作的切入点和方向。笔者建议,教师改变教学方法,利用拉波夫叙事分析模式指导读后续写的教与学,积极培养学生的语篇意识,从根本上提高其读后续写的解题能力。
关键词:拉波夫叙事分析模式;读后续写;教学策略
一、引言
《普通高中英语课程标准(2017年版)》(以下简称《课标(2017年版)》)把语言能力和思维品质列到英语学科核心素养之内。读后续写以阅读理解为基础,以写作为产出(骆敏洁、周道义,2016),是一种将语言输出与输入紧密结合、旨在加速提高学生语言运用能力的方法(王初明,2005)。该试题提供一段350词左右的语言材料,要求考生依据材料内容、所给段落开头语和所标识关键词进行续写(150词左右),将其发展成一篇与给定材料有逻辑衔接、情节和结构完整的短文(教育部考试中心,2015)。读后续写能打破过去那种只读不写或只写不读的读写分离状态,能有效地考查学生对原文的阅读理解能力、合理推测故事情节发展的思维能力以及书面表达能力,是提高学生英语学科核心素养的途径之一。
然而在当前的课堂教学实践中,教师对读后续写这种题型存在一定的畏难情绪,对学生的指导也不够系统深入,往往是就题论题,缺乏理论支撑。这样导致学生在遇到新题目时,依然思路紊乱,找不到写作的方向和切入点。那么该如何高效阅读续写的语篇?又该如何构思故事情节的发展方向呢?笔者试图在课堂中引入美国语言学家拉波夫的叙事分析模式来指导读后续写教学,以期提供一条新的思路,帮助教师改进读后续写的教学方法,从根本上提高学生读后续写的解题能力。
二、理论基础
美国语言学家威廉·拉波夫的叙事分析模式包括点题、指向、进展、结局、回应和评议六个要素。拉波夫(1972)认为一个完整的叙事模式以点题和指向开始,以进展为主体,用评议烘托气氛,以结局结束情节,最后用回应将读者拉回现实。《课标(2017年版)》把语篇类型列为高中英语课程内容的六要素之一,首次强调了语篇在语言学习中的重要地位。教师应该有意识地渗透有关语篇的基本知识,帮助学生形成语篇意识,有效地获取和传递信息,从而提高理解语篇意义的能力,达到表达观点和态度的目的。语言学家T. Ballmer(1982)认为语篇都是受宏观结构控制和支配的,语篇的生成与理解都必须以宏观结构为依据。从宏观上分析语篇就是要分析文章的语篇类型和篇章结构,而读后续写所提供的语言材料基本上都是叙事型语篇,因此利用拉波夫叙事分析模式引导学生分析续写文本,把握其篇章结构、文体特征和写作意图,对于读后续写的教与学都具有重要的指导作用。
三、教学实践
根据拉波夫叙事分析模式,教师可以引导学生找出续写原文当中的点题、指向、进展、结局、回应和评议六大要素,把握作者的写作意图和故事发展的线索,分析语篇中还缺少哪些要素或者是哪些要素还需要进一步扩展或深化,从而合理分配和构思续写的内容。需要指出的是,回应和评议能让文章更加具有渲染力,但并不是叙事语篇不可或缺的要素。下面笔者来具体谈一谈如何运用拉波夫叙事分析模式指导课堂教学。题目如下:
阅读下面短文,根据所给情节进行续写,使之构成一个完整的故事。
Once upon a time, there was a beautiful town and a couple of lovers would often stay on the top of the mountain, enjoying the sunrise and by the sea appreciating the sunset. Everyone who knew them couldn’t help envying them for their happy love.
One day the man was seriously injured and lying in hospital for many days without any consciousness. The woman guarded him by the bed in daytime calling his name nonstop and at night, she would go to the church and pray to God until her tears ran out. A month passed by and the man was still sleeping. Finally, God was so moved by her persistence that he would like to do her a special favor.
God said, “I can help your lover recover on condition that you promise to be a butterfly for three years. Do you agree with that deal?” She said excitedly and firmly, “Yes, I do! Never will I regret doing that.”
The next day, the woman was transformed into a butterfly, flying hurriedly to the hospital. It turned out that the man came to his consciousness and woke up, talking with a doctor. She could not hear what they were talking about because she couldn’t fly into the room. What she could do was to watch her beloved through the windows helplessly.
Another spring came and the butterfly was in a hurry to fly back to see the man, only to find that there was a pretty lady standing by him. At that moment she was so shocked that she almost fell down from the sky. She could hardly believe her eyes. It was said that the man was seriously ill during Christmas and that that pretty female doctor took care of him and that finally they fell in sweet love. The butterfly felt heartbroken. In the following days, she often saw the man take the woman to the top mountain to enjoy the sunrise and to the seaside to appreciate the sunset. All these should have belonged to her. But now they belonged to another woman.
注意:
1. 所续写的短文词数应为150左右;
2. 应使用5个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语;
3. 续写部分分为二段,每段的开头语已经为你写好;
4. 续写完成后,请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1:
The butterfly could do nothing but rest on the man’s shoulder off and on.
Paragraph 2:
God also felt sad and sighed to the butterfly,
(一)利用拉波夫叙事模式分析语篇
1. 定位点题
点题是文章作者在叙事之前对要讲的内容进行简短的概述,会告诉读者到底发生了什么故事。点题不仅能使文章中心突出,主题鲜明,而且能给读者留下深刻的印象。在本次读后续写教学中,笔者首先让学生快速浏览文本,并关注能够概括全文的段落或语句。经过阅读,学生很快就能判断点题出现在文章的第一段并将其概括为:Once upon a time, there was a couple of lovers whose love was envied by everyone who knew them. 通过锁定文章的点题,学生就知道了作者要讲述的是一对恋人之间的爱情故事,从而对语篇的整体概貌有了初步的整体感知。
2. 明确指向
指向是“叙事者对时间、地点、人物、活动或情景等故事要素的交代”(Labov,1972)。有时指向的部分要素会连同点题出现在文章的首段或首句。课堂教学中,笔者引导学生找出本篇故事里所涉及到的各种要素。故事中出现的人物有一对恋人、一位女医生和上帝;时间是很久以前;地点是在一个漂亮的小镇上;背景是男恋人病重后在医院住院看病。指向将故事的基本要素逐一呈现,能让学生对事件形成画面感和代入感,有利于他们对故事的理解和体会(赵伟雯,2019)。因此,厘清这些要素对于把握故事的发展走向具有重大的作用。
3. 推敲进展
进展是指故事中的情节是如何向前推进的,是决定故事精彩与否的最重要因素,是叙事语篇的核心部分。笔者在课堂中引导学生找出表示进展部分的关键语句并勾勒其发展顺序:男恋人生病住院→女恋人日夜陪在身边→女恋人去教堂向上帝祈祷→男恋人依然昏迷不醒→上帝提供帮助→女恋人变成蝴蝶→男恋人恢复意识并清醒过来→男恋人和女医生相爱了→男恋人带女医生去欣赏日出日落→蝴蝶心碎不已。通过分析故事的进展,可以看到情节不断地向前发展演进,学生对于文章的理解也更加深入透彻。
4. 感受评议
评议是叙事者或者故事中相关的人物对事件的看法、态度和心理,包含对故事的起因、结果以及过程中事件要点的评议(Labov,1972)。语篇的第五段有一处评议:“What she could do was to watch her beloved through the windows helplessly.”作者用helplessly一词表现了蝴蝶对于不能靠近自己为之祈祷守护的男恋人的百般无奈。第六段也有一处评议:“Another spring came and the butterfly was in a hurry to fly back to see the man, only to find that there was a pretty lady standing by him. At that moment she was so shocked that she almost fell down from the sky. She could hardly believe her eyes.”作者用only to find这一短语表达了蝴蝶发现男恋人已结新欢后的那种意外和天塌下来一样的绝望。分析故事中的评议,有助于学生感受主人公的内心世界,理解作者的写作意图。
拉波夫叙事分析模式对于学生从整体语篇分析的视角进行阅读具有很强的指导性,有利于提高学生的语篇分析能力,加强文本理解的品质(周永鹏,2018)。上文利用拉波夫的叙事分析模式对该续写语篇进行宏观分析后,学生能更好地把握作者所述故事的整体结构,更加明确地认识故事的主题、发展及作者的情感态度,为接下来的续写活动奠定了良好基础。
(二)利用拉波夫叙事模式展开续写
课堂教学中笔者引导学生分析总结出原文里已经具备了点题、指向、进展和评议四个要素。那么根据拉波夫的六要素分析模式,在接下来的续写中学生可以将进展继续向前推进,让情节更加跌宕起伏;还需要发挥想象,写出合理的结局;同时可以添加适当的回应和评议,使续写的文章具有感染力。
1. 助推进展
笔者根据续写第一段首句“The butterfly could do nothing but rest on the man’s shoulder off and on. ”引导学生进行思考,听到曾经的挚爱和别人欢声笑语、莺燕呢喃,蝴蝶会做何感想?蝴蝶是为了男恋人才变成现在的自己,而男恋人却爱上了别人。蝴蝶本身微小无力,不能讲话,她是独自默默忍受这一切痛苦还是通过抗争来夺回自己的挚爱呢?因此续写第一段,学生可以通过心理描写和动作描写把蝴蝶的内心矛盾淋漓尽致地展现出来,也可以把蝴蝶勇敢夺爱的过程写出来,从而将原文的进展推向高潮。
某学生习作:
Witnessing their love deepen with each passing day, the butterfly felt overwhelmingly heart-stricken. Those old romantic scenes in which they enjoyed the sunrise and sunset crowded in on her mind. But now everything has gone! The cruel reality, like great wind, blew her hither and thither, in a wayward way, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching the verge of despair. Losing her courage to get to his beloved, the butterfly had nowhere to perch, flying powerlessly and aimlessly every day.
读后续写的后文部分与给定的全文应该是和谐完整、浑然一体的一篇文章,从内容到形式要力争尽可能地保持一致(郭玉章,2016)。习作中学生极尽心理描写之能事,用一连串表示伤心难过的词语“heart-stricken, cruel, anguish, despair, powerlessly and aimlessly”等将蝴蝶那种失恋后伤心绝望的心理状态表现出来。作者延续原文中蝴蝶百般无奈的痛苦心情并将其进一步深化细化,在内容上与原文做到了协同一致。
2. 合理结局
结局是指故事发展到最后是怎样的一个结果。它是对故事核心矛盾的一个交代,标志着叙事的结束,包含人物的下场、目的的实现或失败(周永鹏,2018)。在续写尾段中,学生应该根据情节发展创造出合情合理的结局,解决故事中出现的主要矛盾。而回应是叙事者通过所述故事揭示出一定的道理,是对故事主题的升华。为了使读者或听众对故事有一个完整的了解,叙事者往往在故事的结尾用一两句话照应主题(黄国文,1988)。但是有时候,叙事者会把故事的意义留给读者自己去体会和思考,因此并不是所有的记叙文都有回应这一要素,学生可以根据自己的情况来选择写或不写。续写尾段首句是God also felt sad and sighed to the butterfly, “Do you regret for what you have done?”上帝看到蝴蝶悲伤欲绝、萎靡不振的状态,也感叹地问她是否后悔为恋人所做的一切?那么结局到底怎么设定呢?后悔还是不后悔?学生可以进行头脑风暴,发挥想象,只要能自圆其说即可。
该学生习作:
Cleaning her teary eyes, the butterfly said, “No, I never feel sorry for what I have done for him.” God felt a bit relieved and said, “Tomorrow you can become a human again! In our lives, something is doomed to be lost and some love is doomed to yield no result. True love can stand the test of time. You will meet your Mr. Right in the future! Just cheer up! ” Hearing these words, the butterfly soared high briskly and refreshingly, disappearing into the distance.
该学生设定的结局是蝴蝶没有为自己曾经的付出而感到后悔,这与原文中“Never will I regret doing that.”是一致的,体现了蝴蝶坚定、执着、豁达的一面。上帝的话“In our lives, something is doomed to be lost and some love is doomed to yield no result. True love can stand the test of time.”是对文章主题的回应,将读者拉回现实。此段中“briskly and refreshingly”与前段中的“powerlessly and aimlessly”形成了鲜明对比,说明蝴蝶在上帝的开导下,似乎明白了某种道理,并且从痛苦的深渊中走了出来,放手也是爱的体现。而蝴蝶将去向何方,并没有具体交代,从而给读者留下了广阔的想象空间。
四、结语
本文基于拉波夫叙事分析模式,对读后续写教学进行了初步探讨,提出了“分析语篇、助推发展和合理结局”的教学模式。分析语篇的六大要素是续写的前提条件;助推发展、合理结局是续写的核心任务,学生不仅要读懂原文,理解作者的写作意图,还要发挥想象力和创造力,在内容、逻辑、情感和语言等四个方面与原文最大限度地做到协同一致,从而让故事情节发展更加引人入胜,让结局更加回味无穷。经课堂论证,拉波夫叙事分析模式能让学生从整体上把握文章的语篇结构,对于读和写都具有重要的指导意义。在教学实践中,教师可以引导学生寻找续写语篇中的点题、指向、发展、评议等要素,尤其是要抓住原文中显示故事发展脉络的线索,从而找到写作的切入点和方向,写出高水平的文章,逐步提高读后续写的解题能力。
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The Teaching Practice of English Continuation Writing in Senior High School from the Perspective of Labov’s Narrative Analysis Model
Yu Yiyong
Abstract:In view of the problems existing in the teaching of English continuation writing in senior high school, this paper attempts to explore the teaching strategies of continuation writing with the help of Labov’s narrative analysis model and also puts forward the teaching model of “analyzing the text, promoting development and ending rationally”. Practice has proved that the teaching based on Labov’s narrative analysis model is helpful for students to grasp the overall structure and development of the text as a whole, so as to find the starting point and direction of writing. Therefore, it is suggested that teachers should change the traditional teaching methods, use the Labov’s narrative analysis model to guide the teaching and learning of continuation writing, actively cultivate students’ discourse consciousness, and fundamentally improve their problem-solving ability of continuation writing.
Key words:Labov’s narrative analysis model; continuation writing; teaching strategy
(本文首次发表在《基础教育外语教学研究》2020年第3期)
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